内燃机冷却系统中应用纳米流体强化传热研究综述

内燃机工作时依赖冷却系统将多余热量及时带走以保证燃烧室核心部件及润滑油膜的正常工作温度。常规内燃机冷却介质导热系数偏低,而新一代强化传热工质纳米流体具有明显提升的传热性能,应用于内燃机冷却系统有利于强化内燃机传热及提高热管理性能。且由于纳米流体的传热性能受纳米粒子的种类、大小、浓度、形状等因素影响,可以通过改变这些因素控制内燃机冷却水腔的传热量。综述了国内外研究者针对纳米流体导热系数与对流换热性能开展的试验测试、理论分析和计算机模拟研究工作,以及纳米流体应用于内燃机冷却系统中强化传热的进展,最后指出当前研究工作的不足及未来工作方向。     

Thermal performance investigation of a single medium temperature phase change microcapsule used for wind power absorption and heat storage system

Phase change microcapsules have a wide application in the heat storage system. The medium temperature heat storage systems such as medium temperature solar thermal plants, waste heat recovery systems and wind power absorption systems. In order to analyse the effects of configuration parameters and materials on phase change heat transfer process in a single medium temperature microcapsule, an enthalpy-transforming model was applied to trace the location of the solid-liquid interface and obtain the liquid fraction at different time in the melting process. Based on this model, the effects of particle size, the effects of wall thickness, the effects of wall materials and different medium temperature phase change materials were analyzed. The numerical results show that the larger particle size has a longer melting time, the melting time of 50 μm particle size and 250 μm particle size is 0.036 s and 2.48 s, respectively. In addition, the melting time of microcapsules with different wall thicknesses from the 1μm to 9μm is the same i.e., 0.14 s. Therefore, the wall thickness has little effect on the melting time of microcapsules. Besides, the microcapsule with the erythritol as inner material and the polystyrene as wall material has the longest melting time. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the wall materials is the main factor affecting the melting time. Moreover, the product of latent heat and density of phase change material is the main factor of the melting time.     

Numerical simulation of detonation wave propagation through a rigid permeable barrier

The results of calculation of the detonation propagation in a porous medium for hydrogen-air mixture are presented. The porous medium was specified explicitly and consisted of sets of individual obstacles in the form of solid walls or the sets of finite-size plates. Various modes of detonation propagation depending on obstacle parameters are obtained: propagation in a cellular mode, stationary propagation with destruction of the cellular structure of the detonation front, propagation of a monotonically attenuating detonation wave with destruction of the cellular structure of the front. The possibility of reducing the detonation propagation velocity by replacing solid plates with finite-size ones was shown. The effect of the geometrical parameters of the plates and the step of it installation on the degree of detonation attenuation was estimated. It was determined that an increase in the number of plates leads to a stronger attenuation of the detonation.     

Corrosion behavior of Cu–Sn bronze alloys in simulated archeological soil media

The corrosion behavior of synthetic Cu–Sn bronze alloys with six different Sn contents was examined through an electrochemical test and a synthetic test in a simulated corrosive medium. The mechanism of corrosion and the morphology of the corroded surfaces were characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. At the corrosion potential, the corrosion behavior appears to be determined by the charge transfer step and the diffusion process. It was found that the bronze-IV (Cu–26.8Sn) specimen exhibited the best corrosion resistance, as evidenced by a low corrosion current density and a high impedance. This improvement resulted from an increase in the content of the Cu–Sn solid solution in the alloy, which was conducive to forming a relatively more protective passive film on the surface of the bronze alloy. This finding would be valuable in the anticorrosion protection of archeological artefacts after their excavation.     

中压加氢裂化生产合格喷气燃料技术开发与应用

为满足市场对喷气燃料的需求并与企业现有装置相契合，中国石化石油化工科学研究院（简称石科院）开发了生产合格喷气燃料的中压加氢裂化技术。通过考察反应压力、裂化催化剂、原料油、转化深度及体积空速对喷气燃料性质的影响规律，提出了中压条件生产合格喷气燃料的加氢裂化技术方案。中压加氢裂化生产合格喷气燃料技术在中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司1.5 Mt/a中压加氢裂化装置得到工业应用，在国内首次实现了中压条件下蜡油生产合格喷气燃料。装置工业标定结果表明，采用该技术加工高硫减压蜡油（VGO）馏分，在氢分压约10 MPa的条件下，喷气燃料馏分收率达到20%以上，且满足3号喷气燃料质量要求，尾油馏分BMCI值约为10，是优质的裂解制乙烯原料。     

基于SpringBoot框架的中长期水文预报系统设计与开发

鉴于中长期水文预报能有效为宏观防洪形势分析和水资源管理提供科学依据,提出了Java环境下基于SpringBoot框架开发的中长期水文预报系统。该系统集成了包含随机森林、支持向量机、小波分析、贝叶斯模型平均等多种模型方法的Python模型库以提高开发效率;采用了基于RabbitMQ技术的异种语言调用与基于RESTful技术的轻量级接口设计以降低系统响应时间。并搭建了全国主要江河流域共10个断面的中长期水文预报系统作为示例进行分析,实现了中长期水文预报业务化运行,可为同类系统开发提供参考示范。     

Development and optimisation of a defined high cell density yeast medium

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells grown in a small volume of chemically defined media neither reach the desired cell density nor grow at a fast enough rate to scale down the volume and increase the sample number of classical biochemical assays, as the detection limit of the readout often requires a high number of cells as an input. To ameliorate this problem, we developed and optimised a new high cell density (HCD) medium for S. cerevisiae. Starting from a widely used synthetic medium composition, we systematically varied the concentrations of all components without the addition of other compounds. We used response surface methodology to develop and optimise the five components of the medium: glucose, yeast nitrogen base, amino acids, monosodium glutamate, and inositol. We monitored growth, cell number, and cell size to ensure that the optimisation was towards a greater density of cells rather than just towards an increase in biomass (i.e., larger cells). Cells grown in the final medium, HCD, exhibit growth more similar to the complex medium yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) than to the synthetic defined (SD) medium. Whereas the final cell density of HCD prior to the diauxic shift is increased compared with YPD and SD about threefold and tenfold, respectively. We found normal cell-cycle behaviour throughout the growth phases by monitoring DNA content and protein expression using fluorescent reporters. We also ensured that HCD media could be used with a variety of strains and that they allow selection for all common yeast auxotrophic markers.     

Interfacial Crystallization of Diacylglycerols Rich in Medium‐ and Long‐Chain Fatty Acids in Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions

The effects of diacylglycerols rich in medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acids (MLCD) on the crystallization of hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) and formation of 10% water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion are studied, and compared with the common surfactants monostearoylglycerol (MSG) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR). Polarized light microscopy reveals that emulsions made with MLCD form crystals around dispersed water droplets and promotes HPO crystallization at the oil‐water interface. Similar behavior is also observed in MSG‐stabilized emulsions, but is absent from emulsions made with PGPR. The large deformation yield value of the test W/O emulsion is increased four‐fold versus those stabilized via PGPR due to interfacial crystallization of HPO. However, there are no large differences in droplet size, solid fat content (SFC), thermal behavior or polymorphism to account for these substantial changes, implying that the spatial distribution of the HPO crystals within the crystal network is the driving factor responsible for the observed textural differences. MLCD‐covered water droplets act as active fillers and interact with surrounding fat crystals to enhance the rigidity of emulsion. This study provides new insights regarding the use of MLCD in W/O emulsions as template for interfacial crystallization and the possibility of tailoring their large deformation behavior. Practical Applications: MLCD is applied in preparing W/O emulsion. It is found that MLCD forms unique interfacial Pickering crystals around water droplets, which promote the surface‐inactive HPO nucleation at the oil‐water interface. Thus MLCD‐covered water droplets act as active fillers and interact with surrounding fat crystals, which can greatly enhance the rigidity of emulsion. This observation would provide a theoretical reference and practical basis for the application of the MLCD with appreciable nutritional properties in lipid‐rich products such as whipped cream, shortenings margarine, butter and ice cream, so as to substitute hydrogenated oil. MLCD‐stabilized emulsions can also be explored for the development of novel confectionery products, lipsticks, or controlled release matrices.     

中高碳铝镇静钢形成MnS塑性夹杂的工艺开发与实践

 为提高中高碳钢产品的抗疲劳性能,利用中高碳钢的成分特点,研究开发了中高碳铝镇静钢中MnS以Al₂O₃为形核质点的非均质形核工艺,将钢中Al₂O₃脆性夹杂用塑性MnS包裹,解决了疲劳应力钢因脆性非金属夹杂引起的疲劳断裂问题。通过对微细、弥散Al₂O₃夹杂生成条件、MnS非均质形核析出热力学条件的研究,开展了钢中关键元素的成分设计、精炼及连铸集成工艺的设计与开发。工业实践表明,低活度氧条件下进行铝终脱氧可以形成3～5 μm微细弥散的Al₂O₃夹杂,并作为非均质形核的核心在二次枝晶晶间的凝固末端析出弥散、细小的粒状MnS;通过梯度脱氧、真空碳脱氧以及保护浇铸等操作可以有效稳定控制钢中全氧含量,提高钢水洁净度,成品T[O]质量分数平均为0.000 618%,较原工艺的0.000 739%降低了16%;成品的夹杂物中MnS及MnS包裹Al₂O₃夹杂所占比例大于96%,与世界领先产品的夹杂物控制水平相当,考虑到产品使用过程中Al₂O₃夹杂外部的MnS包裹层必须足够厚,塑性夹杂才能起作用,建立了MnS “有效包裹率” 的概念,当硬相夹杂物被MnS包裹且硬相夹杂物的最大半径不大于MnS包裹部位半径的1/2时,认为MnS对硬相夹杂物实现了“有效包裹”;MnS塑性夹杂工艺可明显提高材料的疲劳性能,成品的平均断裂韧性为83.47 MPa·m1/2,较原工艺的67.31 MPa·m1/2提高了24%。     

Heat transfer analysis for particle–fluid suspension thermomagnetohydrodynamic peristaltic flow with Darcy–Forchheimer medium

This theoretical analysis explores the effect of heat and mass transfer on particle–fluid suspension for the Rabinowitsch fluid model with the stiffness and dynamic damping effects through Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer porous medium. In this study, we also incorporate slip and transverse magnetic field effects. Using low Reynolds number, to neglect inertial forces and to keep the pressure constant during the flow, channel height is used largely as compared with the ratio of length of the wave. A numerical technique is used to solve flow governing system of differential equations. Particular attention is paid to viscous damping force parameter, stiffness parameter, and rigidity parameter; also, the numerical data for thermal profile, momentum, and concentration distribution are presented graphically. Outcomes are deliberated in detail for different fluid models (thinning, thickening, and viscous models). It is found that velocity profile increases for greater values of viscous damping effect and stiffness and rigidity parameter for shear thinning, but conflicting comportment is showed for thickening nature model. Viscous dissipation effects increases the thermal profile for all cases of fluid models. The scope of the present article is valuable in explaining the blood transport dynamics in small vessels while considering the important wall features with chemical reaction characteristics. The current analysis has extensive applications in biomedical engineering field, that is, peristaltic pumps.